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  <title>Cultural connections: Animals</title>
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     <div id="header"><h2 style="margin-right: 1.5em;">Cultural connections: <span style="font-style: italic;">Animals</span></h2></div>
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       <h3 style="font-size: 28pt; color: #626C9B; font-weight: bold; position: relative; top: -1em; letter-spacing: .10em; width: 100%; border-bottom: double 3px #626C9B; ">Animals</h3>
       
       <p><TABLE border="1"><tr>
<td> &nbsp; <font face="arial" size="+1">
<a href="food.html#OEI">OE Introduction</a></td>
<td> &nbsp; <font face="arial" size="+1">
<a href="food.html#SBC">Scriftboc</a></td><td> &nbsp; <font face="arial" size="+1"><a href="food.html#CTH">Canons of Theodore</td>
<td> &nbsp; <font face="arial" size="+1"><a href="food.html#OEP">OE Penitential</td> <td> &nbsp; <font face="arial" size="+1"><a href="food.html#OEH">OE Handbook</td></tr></TABLE></p>

       <h3 style="font-size: 20pt; color: #626C9B; font-weight: bold; position: relative; top: -1em; letter-spacing: .10em; width: 100%; border-bottom: double 3px #626C9B; "><a name="OEI">1.</a> OE Introduction</h3>


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</p>
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<a name="SBC">2.</a> Scriftboc</h3>
<p><b><a href="JUNIUS_91a.html#X09.10.01" Title="Goes to the Junius manuscript">X09.10.01</a></b> Whoever it is who does many evil deeds, in murder and
fornication with beasts and with women, let him go into the monastery and fast forever until the
end of his days, if he has done very many evil things.</p>
<p><b><a href="JUNIUS_98a.html#X22.06.01" Title="Goes to the Junius manuscript">X22.06.01</a></b> If one throws the host into a fire or a stream when one gives it for receiving, he is to sing 100 psalms. If a dog eats the vomit that one afterward vomits, he is to fast 100 days.</p>
<p><b><a href="JUNIUS_98a.html#X22.08.01" Title="Goes to the Junius manuscript">X22.08.01</a></b> If a mouse eat the Eucharist through the carelessness of
the man who ought to keep it, he is to fast forty or thirty days.</p>
<p><b><a href="JUNIUS_98b.html#X23.02.01" Title="Goes to the Junius manuscript">X23.02.01</a></b> Whoever eats carrion and does not know it is to fast forty
days or thirty (days).</p>
<p><b><a href="JUNIUS_99a.html#X23.05.01" Title="Goes to the Junius manuscript">X23.05.01</a></b> Whoever eats anything of that which a dog or mouse or
weasel defiled, <note type="textual">(reading "widlian" to defile for "wi&thorn;licgan")</note>
and he knows it, he is to sing one hundred psalms; if he did not know it, he is to sing
fifty psalms.  </p>
<p><b><a href="JUNIUS_99a.html#X23.06.01" Title="Goes to the Junius manuscript">X23.06.01</a></b> Whoever gives to another drink in which there is a dead
mouse or a drowned weasel, if he is a layman he is to fast three days, if a monk he is to sing
three hundred psalms.  If he did not know it before and knows it afterwards, he is to sing the
psalter. </p>
<p><b><a href="JUNIUS_99a.html#X23.07.01" Title="Goes to the Junius manuscript">X23.07.01</a></b> Whoever eats any blood in half-cooked meat, if he did
not
know it, he is to fast seven days.<note type="textual">Corrected to "he is to fast three days or
sing the psalter; if he knows it, he is to fast seven days."</note></p>
<p><b><a href="JUNIUS_99a.html#X23.09.01" Title="Goes to the Junius manuscript">X23.09.01</a></b> The Greeks do not permit any man to have carrion. They
make shoes of the hide of dead cattle and also make use of the wool and horns, although they do
not wish to wear these materials during sacred work.</p>
<p><b><a href="JUNIUS_99a.html#X24.01.00" Title="Goes to the Junius manuscript">X24.01.00</a></b> XXVI  Concerning
swine </p>
<p><b><a href="JUNIUS_99a.html#X24.01.01" Title="Goes to the Junius manuscript">X24.01.01</a></b> If swine eat carrion and taste man's blood, we
nevertheless
believe that they are not to be disposed of; however, one may not eat them until they are made
clean
again. </p>
<p><b><a href="JUNIUS_99a.html#X24.02.01" Title="Goes to the Junius manuscript">X24.02.01</a></b> If a hen drink man's blood, one is allowed to eat it up
to about (around) three months later; but for this we do not have ancient authority.</p>
<p><b><a href="JUNIUS_99b.html#X24.03.01" Title="Goes to the Junius manuscript">X24.03.01</a></b> (Animals torn by) wolves and dogs are not to be eaten,
even
if they were living (when they) received death by rending, except the one case in which they are
able
to survive the deathblow; but one should give them to dogs and swine.</p>
<p><b><a href="JUNIUS_99b.html#X25.01.01" Title="Goes to the Junius manuscript">X25.01.01</a></b> Fish may be eaten even though they are found dead,
because
they are of another kind.</p>  
<p><b><a href="JUNIUS_99b.html#X25.02.01" Title="Goes to the Junius manuscript">X25.02.01</a></b> Horsemeat is not forbidden, although many peoples do
not
want to eat it. </p>
<p><b><a href="JUNIUS_99b.html#X25.03.01" Title="Goes to the Junius manuscript">X25.03.01</a></b> Birds and other animals that are strangled in nets are not
to be eaten, nor even if they are torn to pieces by hawks; if it is found dead, it is not to be eaten
afterwards, because it is enjoined in the Acts of the Apostles, "Abstain from fornication, from
that which is suffocated, from blood, and from idolatry."<note type="textual">Source Acts
15:29.</note>  </p>
<p><b><a href="JUNIUS_99b.html#X25.04.01" Title="Goes to the Junius manuscript">X25.04.01</a></b> One is allowed to eat hares and they are good for
dysentery
and diarrhea, and one can mix their bile with pepper to cure mouth sores.  </p>
<p><b><a href="JUNIUS_99b.html#X26.01.01" Title="Goes to the Junius manuscript">X26.01.01</a></b> If bees kill someone let them be killed quickly, and one is
to
eat the honey they have produced.</p>
<p><b><a href="JUNIUS_100a.html#X26.02.01" Title="Goes to the Junius manuscript">X26.02.01</a></b> If a little pig falls (into liquid) and is taken out alive, one
should sprinkle that water with holy water and perfume it with incense.  If the animal is dead,
one
cannot give the liquid to anyone (and) should pour it out.</p>
<p><b><a href="JUNIUS_100a.html#X26.03.01" Title="Goes to the Junius manuscript">X26.03.01</a></b> If someone with unclean hands touch someone's food, or
a
dog or a cat or a mouse or any other unclean animal touch it, Theodore said that it did not
trouble
him
at all.</p>
<p><b><a href="JUNIUS_100a.html#X26.04.01" Title="Goes to the Junius manuscript">X26.04.01</a></b> If a mouse or a weasel fall into a large amount of liquid
and is dead there, man should sprinkle it with holy water and drink it.</p>
<p><b><a href="JUNIUS_100a.html#X26.05.01" Title="Goes to the Junius manuscript">X26.05.01</a></b> If someone of necessity eats an animal that is unclean, let
that not trouble him at all. </p>
<p><b><a href="JUNIUS_100a.html#X26.05.01" Title="Goes to the Junius manuscript">X26.06.01</a></b> If someone through a great theft steal a four-footed
animal, a horse or a cow, or break into a house, he is to fast one year and repay that which he has
stolen, or fast two years.  If he steals more goods, he is to fast four years or as his confessor
judges.</p>
<p><b><a href="JUNIUS_100a.html#X26.06.02" Title="Goes to the Junius manuscript">X26.06.02</a></b> If he is a priest and commit such theft, he is to fast five years or as the bishop commands for him.</p> </div1>
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<a name="CTH">3.</a> Canons of Theodore</h3>
<p><b><a href="BX8558_147b.html#B64.01.01" Title="Goes to the Brussels manuscript">B64.01.01</a></b> The animals that are torn by wolves and dogs are not to
be
eaten by men but by swine and dogs, nor a hart nor a roe if they be found dead.</p>
<p><b><a href="BX8558_147b.html#B64.02.01" Title="Goes to the Brussels manuscript">B64.02.01</a></b> The Greeks do not give swine dead flesh,  but they
allow the skin to be used for shoes and make use of the hide and the horns and the wool, but not
for anything of holiness. 
</p> 
<p><b><a href="BX8558_147b.html#B64.03.01" Title="Goes to the Brussels manuscript">B64.03.01</a></b> And if it happens that swine eat dead flesh or hens
(drink) man's blood, we do not believe that they are to be thrown away on that account.
</p>
<p><b><a href="BX8558_147b.html#B64.03.01" Title="Goes to the Brussels manuscript">B64.03.02</a></b> Birds and other animals are not allowed to be eaten if
they
are strangled in nets, nor even if a hawk bit them, if they are found dead. </p>
<p><b><a href="BX8558_147b.html#B64.03.01" Title="Goes to the Brussels manuscript">B64.03.03</a></b> The four sayings of special importance in the Acts of the
Apostles thus command that man restrain himself from fornication, from strangled animals,
from
blood, and from idolatry.<note type="textual">Acts 15: 20, 29; 21:25.</note></p>
<p><b><a href="BX8558_147b.html#B64.03.04" Title="Goes to the Brussels manuscript">B64.03.04</a></b> We do not forbid horse's flesh, but it is not customary to
eat it.</p>
<p><b><a href="BX8558_147b.html#B64.03.05" Title="Goes to the Brussels manuscript">B64.03.05</a></b> It is permitted to eat rabbit, and it is also very good for
dysentery, and its gall is very good mixed with pepper for internal pain and for mouth sores.
</p>
<p><b><a href="BX8558_148b.html#B66.04.02" Title="Goes to the Brussels manuscript">B66.04.02</a></b> Likewise one may substitute different cattle (from those
promised) if it is necessary.</p>
<p><b><a href="BX8558_149a.html#B69.01.01" Title="Goes to the Brussels manuscript">B69.01.01</a></b> He who eats carrion (i.e., flesh of animals that have died) must fast for 40 days.</p>
<p><b><a href="BX8558_149a.html#B69.01.02" Title="Goes to the Brussels manuscript">B69.01.02</a></b> If hunger drives him to it, then it does not injure
him.</p>
<p><b><a href="BX8558_151a.html#B76.05.01" Title="Goes to the Brussels manuscript">B76.05.01</a></b> He who often commits many capital sins, that is murder,
false oaths, and evil fornication with women and with animals, he must forsake those evil deeds
and go into a monastery and repent until his death.</p>
<p><b><a href="BX8558_151a.html#B76.06.03" Title="Goes to the Brussels manuscript">B76.06.03</a></b> If without reason someone with unclean hands touches
his meat, or (if) a dog or a cat or mouse or animal (that has) unclean blood unknowingly
(touches it) there is no harm to him.</p>
<p><b><a href="BX8558_151b.html#B76.06.04" Title="Goes to the Brussels manuscript">B76.06.04</a></b> And if anyone of necessity eats an animal that appears
unclean, a bird or a wild beast, that does not harm him.</p>
<p><b><a href="BX8558_151b.html#B76.06.08" Title="Goes to the Brussels manuscript">B76.06.08</a></b> If a bird's dung falls into water, it (the dung) is to be taken
out and holy water is to be sprinkled on it, and then the food (i.e., the water) is clean.
</p>
<p><b><a href="BX8558_151b.html#B76.06.09" Title="Goes to the Brussels manuscript">B76.06.09</a></b> Therefore, that which is polluted with blood or with any
unclean thing, if someone eats it and does not know (that it is unclean), that does not injure him. 
If he knows it, he must repent for it according to the measure of the pollution.
</p> 
<p><b><a href="CORP190_416.html#S74.01.01" Title="Goes to the Corpus 190 manuscript">S74.01.01</a></b> Whoever fornicates with an effeminate male or with
another man or with an animal must fast for 10 years. </p>
<p><b><a href="CORP190_416.html#S74.01.02" Title="Goes to the Corpus 190 manucript">S74.01.02</a></b> Elsewhere it says that whoever fornicates with an animal
must fast 15 years and sodomites must fast for 7 years.</p>
<p><b><a href="BX8558_153r.html#B78.02.01" Title="Goes to the Brussels manuscript">B78.02.01</a></b> Swine who drink a man's blood may be eaten.</p>
<p><b><a href="BX8558_153r.html#B78.02.02" Title="Goes to the Brussels manuscript">B78.02.02</a></b> But if they tear dead men it is not permitted that they are to be eaten before a year has passed, so that the flesh has gone out of them.</p>


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<a name="OEP">4.</a> OE Penitential</h3>
<p><b><a href="LAUD482_3a.html#Y41.08.01" Title="Goes to the Laud Misc. manuscript">Y41.08.01</a></b> The holy apostle St. Peter says that the man who, after
the
remedy of sins, turns to the idleness of this world is like unto the dog who vomits and then
eats again. </p>
<p><b><a href="LAUD482_5a.html#Y42.06.00" Title="Goes to the Laud Misc. manuscript">Y42.06.00</a></b>  Concerning those men who fornicate illicitly, that is with
animals, or soil themselves with young ones, or a man who has sex with another </p>
<p><b><a href="LAUD482_6b.html#Y42.06.01" Title="Goes to the Laud Misc. manuscript">Y42.06.01</a></b> The man who soils himself with an animal or the male
who (fornicates) with another male in an irrational way, if he is twenty years old, so that he can
understand that shameful and evil thing, he is to desist and confess and fast fifteen years; and if
he has a mate (wife), and he is forty years old and does such a thing, he is to desist and fast for
the rest of his life, and should not presume to receive God's body until his dying day.
</p>
<p><b><a href="LAUD482_6b.html#Y42.06.02" Title="Goes to the Laud Misc. manuscript">Y42.06.02</a></b> Young and ignorant men are to be severely beaten if they
do such a thing.</p>
<p><b><a href="LAUD482_13b.html#Y43.16.02" Title="Goes to the Laud Misc. manuscript">Y43.16.02</a></b> Let him be warned so that the terrible words that the Savior spoke concerning the shepherds of the people of Israel 
not be spoken about him, when he (the Savior) said, "Woe, you shepherds, who drank the milk of the ewes and
with their wool dressed yourselves, and you yourselves killed those that were fat. And there were
weak ones you did not make strong, and sick ones you did not heal, and broken ones you did not
bind, and scattered ones you did not gather together, and lost ones you did not seek.  Now is my
whole flock driven away because they did not have a shepherd and they have become food for
all
the wild beasts."</p>
<p><b><a href="LAUD482_15b.htmlY44.10.01" Title="Goes to the Laud Misc. manuscript">Y44.10.01</a></b> If the devil so far undermines anyone that he fornicates
with animals, he is to confess to his confessor and fast 15 years, 8 on bread and water and for 7
years to fast the 3 forty-day periods on bread and water, one Lenten fast before Easter, another
during Pentecost, and the third before midwinter, and ever after fast on Wednesdays and Fridays
as long as he lives.</p>
<p><b><a href="LAUD482_17a.html#Y44.22.01" Title="Goes to the Laud Misc. manuscript">Y44.22.01</a></b> If anyone drinks blood or eats decayed flesh, and he did
not do it of necessity, he is to fast for 12 weeks every other day on bread and water. And if
he does it of necessity, he is to fast 3 days on bread and water.</p>
<p><b><a href="LAUD482_17a.html#Y44.23.01" Title="Goes to the Laud Misc. manuscript">Y44.23.01</a></b> If anyone shoots a deer with an arrow and it nevertheless
escapes, and one finds it dead three days later, and a dog or a wolf or fox or bear has gnawed it,
or any other wild animal, no Christian man is to consume it.</p>
<p><b><a href="LAUD482_17a.html#Y44.24.01" Title="Goes to the Laud Misc. manuscript">Y44.24.01</a></b> If a wolf kills any sort of cattle and it is dead because of
that, no Christian man is to consume it. And if he does so, he is to fast 4 weeks on bread and
water; and if it lives and one kills it afterward, he is to partake of it lawfully.</p>
<p><b><a href="LAUD482_17a.html#Y44.25.01" Title="Goes to the Laud Misc. manuscript">Y44.25.01</a></b> If any animal is strangled in a net, it is not permitted for 
anyone to partake of it.  If anyone partakes of it, he is to fast 4 weeks every other day on bread
and water.</p>
<p><b><a href="LAUD482_17a.html#Y44.26.01" Title="Goes to the Laud Misc. manuscript">Y44.26.01</a></b> If anyone find a dead fish in a fishpond and he eats it,
he is to fast 4 weeks on Wednesdays and Fridays on bread and water and the other days forgo
meat. And if one finds a dead fish in a stream, he may partake of it lawfully.</p>
<p><b><a href="LAUD482_17a.html#Y44.27.01" Title="Goes to the Laud Misc. manuscript">Y44.27.01</a></b> If anyone in orders go hunting, if he is a cleric, he is to
forgo meat for 12 months; a deacon, 2  years; a masspriest, 3 years; a bishop, 7
years.</p>
<p><b><a href="LAUD482_17b.html#Y44.31.01" Title="Goes to the Laud Misc. manuscript">Y44.31.01</a></b> If bees kill someone let them be killed quickly, and one is
to eat the honey they have produced.</p> 
<p><b><a href="LAUD482_17b.html#Y44.32.01" Title="Goes to the Laud Misc. manuscript">Y44.32.01</a></b> If a little mouse falls into water, one is to do away with it 
and sprinkle that water with holy water. If the animal is alive, one is to use that water and if it is
dead, one is to throw it out and clean the vessel.</p>
<p><b><a href="LAUD482_17b.html#Y44.32.02" Title="Goes to the Laud Misc. manuscript">Y44.32.02</a></b> It is said in another place that if a great deal of that food
is altogether (in which a small animal has died), one is to sprinkle it with holy water and eat if
he
needs it, and that then out of necessity.</p> 
<p><b><a href="LAUD482_18a.html#Y44.35.01" Title="Goes to the Laud Misc. manuscript">Y44.35.01</a></b> Whoever eats anything of that which a dog or mouse ate
or a weasel defiled, and he knows it, is to sing 100 psalms; if he does not know it, he is to sing
50
psalms.</p>
<p><b><a href="LAUD482_18a.html#Y44.36.01" Title="Goes to the Laud Misc. manuscript">Y44.36.01</a></b> Whoever gives to another drink in which there is a mouse
or a weasel drowned: if he is a layman he is to fast 3 days; if a monk he is to sing 300 hundred
psalms.  If he did not know it before and knows it afterwards, he is to sing the psalter. 
</p>
<p><b><a href="LAUD482_18a.html#Y44.37.01" Title="Goes to the Laud Misc. manuscript">Y44.37.01</a></b> Whoever eats any blood in half-cooked meat, if he does
not know it, he is to fast 3 days or sing the psalter; if he knows it, he is to fast 7
days.</p>
<p><b><a href="LAUD482_18b.html#X44.45.01" Title="Goes to the Laud Misc. manuscript">Y44.45.01</a></b> If a dog eats that vomit, he (the man) is to fast 40
days.<Note type="textual">Missing from Y but found in BS: 100 days if this is done knowingly, 40 days if unknowlingly.</Note>
</p>
<p><b><a href="LAUD482_18b.html#Y44.47.01" Title="Goes to the Laud Misc. manuscript">Y44.47.01</a></b> If a mouse eat the Host through the carelessness of
the man who ought to keep it, he is to fast 40 days.</p>
<p><b><a href="LAUD482_19a.html#Y44.54.01" Title="Goes to the Laud Misc. manuscript">Y44.54.01</a></b> If a pig or a chicken or any sort of creature eat someone's
body or drink his blood, one is to slay that creature and give it to the dogs.</p>
<p><b><a href="LAUD482_19a.html#Y44.56.01" Title="Goes to the Laud Misc. manuscript">Y44.56.01</a></b> If any sort of creature fall into a water pit and one finds
it dead there, one is to scour the pit clean and sprinkle holy water on it.  And if anyone taste it
before that pit is blessed, he is to fast 1 week on bread and water; if he does not know it, he is to
fast 1 day on bread and water. </p>
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</p>
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<a name="OEH">5.</a> OE Handbook</h3>
<p><b><a href="CORP201_118.html#D54.14.01" Title="Goes to the Corpus 201 manuscript">D54.14.01</a></b> If anyone is polluted by an animal or if a male person
(is
polluted by) another, if he is 20 years old, he is to fast 15 years; and if the man has a spouse, and
he is 40 years old and does such a thing, he must cease doing it and fast for as long as he lives,
nor should he presume to receive the body of the Lord before the day of his death. </p>
<p><b><a href="CORP201_118.html#D54.14.02" Title="Goes to the Corpus 201 manuscript">D54.14.02</a></b> Young men and foolish men are to be severely whipped
if
they do such things. </p>
<p><b><a href="CORP201_120.html#D54.33.01" Title="Goes to the Corpus 201 manuscript">D54.33.01</a></b> If anyone fornicates with an animal, he is to fast fifteen
years, 8 on bread and water and for seven, each year, the 3 forty-day periods and on
Wednesday and Friday as long as he live and repent the misdeed ever after. </p>       </font>
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